Samarium Facts - Sm or Element 62

Samarium or Sm is a rare earth element or lanthanide with atomic number 62. Like other elements in the group, it is a shiny metal under ordinary conditions. Here is a collection of interesting samarium facts, including its uses and properties: Samarium Properties, History, and Uses Samarium was the first element to be named in honor of a person (an element eponym). It was discovered in 1879 by  French chemist Paul Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran after he added  ammonium hydroxide to the preparation made from the mineral samarskite. Samarskite gets its name from its discoverer and the man who loaned Boisbaudran the mineral samples for his study -- Russian mining engineer  V.E. Samarsky-Bukjovets.Ingesting the right dose of samarium chloride will allow it to bind with alcohol and prevent you from getting intoxicated.Its unknown exactly how toxic samarium is. Its insoluble compounds are considered non-toxic, while the soluble salts may be mildly poisonous. There is some evidence samarium helps stimulate metabolism. It is not an essential element for human nutrition. When salts of samarium are ingested, only about 0.05% of the element is absorbed, while the rest is immediately excreted. Of the absorbed metal, about 45% goes to the liver and 45% is deposited on to bone surfaces. The remainder of the absorbed metal is eventually excreted. The samarium on bones remains in the body for around 10 years.Samarium is a yellowish silver-colored metal. It is the hardest and the most brittle of the rare earth elements. It tarnishes in air and will ignite in air  at about 150  °C.Under ordinary conditions, the metal has rhombohedral crystals. Heating changes the crystal structure to hexagonal close-packed (hcp). Further heating leads to a transition to a body-centered cubic (bcc) phase.Natural samarium consists of a mixture of 7 isotopes. Three  of these isotopes are unstable but have long half-lives. A total of 30 isotopes have been discovered or prepared, with atomic masses ranging from  131 to 160.There are numerous uses for this element. It is used to make  samarium-cobalt permanent magnets,  samarium X-ray lasers, glass that absorbs  infrared light, a catalyst for ethanol production, in the manufacture of carbon lights, and as part of a pain treatment regimen for bone cancer. Samarium may be used as an absorber in nuclear reactors. Nanocrystalline  BaFCl:Sm3 is a highly sensitive x-ray storage phosphor, which may have applications in dosimetry and medical imaging. Samarium hexaboride, SmB6, is a topological insulator that may find use in quantum computers. The samarium 3 ion may be useful to make warm-white light-emitting diodes, although low quantum efficiency is an issue.In 1979, Sony introduced the first portable cassette player, the Sony Walkman, made using samarium cobalt magnets.Samarium is never found free in nature. It occurs in minerals with other rare earths. Sources of the element include the  minerals monazite and bastnasite. It is also found in samarskite, orthite, cerite, fluorspar, and ytterbite. Samarium is recovered from monazite and bastnasite using ion exchange and solvent extraction. Electrolysis may be used to produce pure samarium metal from its molten chloride with sodium chloride.S amarium is the 40th most abundant element on Earth. The average concentration of samarium in the Earths crust is 6 parts per million and about 1 part per billion by weight in the solar system. The elements concentration in seawater varies, ranging from 0.5 to 0.8 parts per trillion. Samarium is not homogeneously distributed in soil. For example, sandy soil may have a samarium concentration 200 times higher at the surface as compared with deeper, damp layers. In clay soil, there may be over a thousand times more samarium at the surface than further down.The most common oxidation state of samarium is 3 (trivalent). Most samarium salts are pale yellow in color.An approximate cost of pure samarium is about $360 per 100 grams of metal. Samarium Atomic Data Element Name:  SamariumAtomic Number:  62Symbol:  SmAtomic Weight:  150.36Discovery:  Boisbaudran 1879 or Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac 1853 (both of France)Electron Configuration:  [Xe] 4f6  6s2Element Classification:  Rare earth (lanthanide series)Name Origin:  Named for the mineral samarskite.Density (g/cc):  7.520Melting Point ( °K):  1350Boiling Point ( °K):  2064Appearance:  Silvery metalAtomic Radius (pm):  181Atomic Volume (cc/mol):  19.9Covalent Radius (pm):  162Ionic Radius:  96.4 (3e)Specific Heat (20 °C J/g mol):  0.180Fusion Heat (kJ/mol):  8.9Evaporation Heat (kJ/mol):  165Debye Temperature ( °K):  166.00Pauling Negativity Number:  1.17First Ionizing Energy (kJ/mol):  540.1Oxidation States:  4, 3, 2, 1 (usually 3)Lattice Structure:  RhombohedralLattice Constant (Ã…):  9.000Uses:  Alloys, magnets in headphonesSource:  Monazite (phosphate), bastnesite References and Historical Papers Emsley, John (2001). Samarium. Natures Building Blocks: An A–Z Guide to the Elements. Oxford, England, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 371–374. ISBN 0-19-850340-7.Weast, Robert (1984).  CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp.  E110.  ISBN 0-8493-0464-4.De Laeter, J. R.; Bà ¶hlke, J. K.; De Bià ¨vre, P.; et al. (2003). Atomic weights of the elements. Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical Report).  Pure and Applied Chemistry. IUPAC.  75  (6): 683–800.Boisbaudran, Lecoq de (1879).  Recherches sur le samarium, radical dune terre nouvelle extraite de la samarskite. Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des sà ©ances de lAcadà ©mie des sciences.  89: 212–214.

The Nuclear Bomb Of Hiroshima And Nagasaki Essay - 1393 Words

The nuclear bombs code named â€Å"Little Boy† and â€Å"Fat Man† were detonated over the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki during the summer of August 1945 by the United States of America in an attempt to end World War II. The immediate death toll was extremely high with an estimated 60,000 to 80,000 people killed upon impact of the bombs due to the extreme heat, flying shrapnel, and the pressure of the blast wave. The overall death toll is now estimated to be about 192,020 dead due to long term health effects such as radiation poisoning and burns. These bombs also caused a multitude of long term medical and social problems for surviving victims such as in utero mutations in future generations of children and a large percentage of homeless citizens after the war. As a result of these bombs the Japanese emperor Hirohito accepted the terms of the Potsdam Declaration ending World War II. These bombings remain the single most horrific acts of warfare ever carried o ut on another country. Thousands of Japanese citizens were immediately disintegrated upon impact of the bombs by the thermal radiation released near the hypocenter or ground zero of the explosion, death rates decreasing the further out from the hypocenter. Second and third degree burns on the flesh were a result of very high degrees of thermal radiation on the human body and so only occurred within close proximity to the atomic blast, that being around five miles. If these third and second degree burns covered only aShow MoreRelatedThe Nuclear Bomb Of Hiroshima And Nagasaki1658 Words   |  7 Pages1945, the United States Military dropped two nuclear bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. There were noble reasons for dropping the bombs, but surely destroying two entire cities questions the integrity of the United States. So again I ask, who is good and who is evil? After the events of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the United States was eager to learn more about the impacts of nuclear devices on the environment. The United States set up several nuclear bomb tests on the Marshall Islands in which they properlyRead MoreHiroshima And Nagasaki Bombing Of Hiroshima1206 Words   |  5 PagesWar Two Hiroshima and Nagasaki Bombing The Bombing In 1945, the US dropped 2 atomic bombs on the cities Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan, causing hundreds of thousands civilian deaths. Some people say that this act helped to end the world war and save more lives, but others think that it was not needed and wasn t the cause of the Japanese surrender. Sequence of Events 5th August 1945 President gives approval to use bombs 6th August 1945 Bombing of Hiroshima 9th August 1945 Bombing of Nagasaki 15th AugustRead MoreThe Day That Shook the World667 Words   |  3 PagesWhat comes to mind when you hear the word â€Å"bomb†? Is it the Boston Marathon tragedy? 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Overall, there were approximately 23,753 lives taken by â€Å"Fat Man.† The Nuclear bombings of Hiro shima and NagasakiRead MoreHiroshima, Japan, And Japan1352 Words   |  6 PagesAnswers Who: Hiroshima, Japan and Nagasaki, Japan Leader of Japan: Hideki Tojo, Minister of war Leader of United States: General Douglas MacArthur Hiroshima Hiroshima is a city located in Honshu, Japan. On August 6, 1945, Hiroshima became the first city in the world to be struck by an atomic bomb. (Hiroshima, britannica.com) From 1868 it was a military center, and was a target for the atomic bombing by U.S. during World War II. 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It had an explosive force of some 12,500 tons of TNT. At 8:15 a.m. that morning, as the citizens of Hiroshima were beginning their day, the Enola Gay released its horrific cargo, which fell for 43Read MoreWorld War Ii Research Paper: Hiroshima and Nagasaki1693 Words   |  7 PagesIn the midst of World War II, August 1945, the United States unleashed the first ever atomic bomb attack on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The usage of the atomic bomb was effective, but at the same time devastating and unnecessary. The United States should not have dropped the atomic bomb because it maimed countless of Japanese civilians, caused radiation poisoning whose effects impacted future generations, left both cities in ruins, left citizens homeless, and it was absolutely unmoral for the UnitedRead MoreThe Debate Over The Atomic Bomb On Hiroshima And Nagasaki1383 Words   |  6 Pages The debate over the impact of the atomic bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki concerns the ethical, legal and military controversies surrounding the United States atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. This tragedy occurred on two occasions; the 6th and the 9th of August 1945, and signified the conclusion of the Second World War, 1939-1945. There were many questionable motives involved in the event, as such a decision required moral certainty. Proceeding the bombings, the terms of surrender for

Aristotle s Views On Human Happiness - 1022 Words

2 -PURPOSE OF HAPPINESS For Aristotle, happiness was related to a natural function. He argued that if we as human fulfilled our natural function/purpose then we will be able to be happy and â€Å"want for nothing at all† (page 91). Aristotle believed that human happiness refers to the function most proper to the human should and essentially the function must be exclusive to human. He argues that this supposed function is a practical aspect of life that comes from the rational part within humans. The use of the term practical suggests that there is a predetermined conduct which comes as a result of having rational capabilities. This ultimate good of an individual should stem from this and therefore naturally flow from performing your function to a high standard. In order to attain true happiness, this must be repeated throughout one’s life. Aristotle’s view can be considered to be flawed as he says that only human beings can fully use reason or be described truly happy as happiness deriv es from reasoning. He argues that the distinction between human beings and animals is due to human capability to perform certain actions that only human beings can perform due to having reason. However, in the instance of a young child who is not yet able to reason, Aristotle’s statements are highly problematic. Can we really say that it is incapable for a child to experience true happiness? Admittedly they may not experience happiness in a similar way but, nevertheless one could argue that it isShow MoreRelatedThe Philosophy Of Aristotle s Views On Happiness And Human Flourishing With His Philosophy991 Words   |  4 Pagesback. For example, I put into my life my thoughts, my beliefs and my behaviors. What I get back from this is my reality that my thoughts, beliefs and behaviors have created. In my philosophy like Aristotle, I believe in Aristotle’s views on happiness and human flourishing with his philosophy. (Aristotle 4) I also believe in some of Kant’s ph ilosophy through his concept of its our duty to live up to our highest moral capacity. (Kant 3) I believe it will make the world a better place in the sense thatRead MoreEssay about Morals and Ethics1134 Words   |  5 Pages Plato, Aristotle, Augustine, and Nietzsche all had their own ideas for which one could reach happiness in his/her life. All have similarities in there reasoning except Nietzshe, who contradicts the others entirely. Plato states that to understand virtue is happiness. In turn virtue suffices for happiness and is necessary. Also he intuits that human reasoning prevails over spirited element or a person?s appetite. 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He was one of Plato’s students and studied unde r him for twenty years in the academy in Athens. He started to lecture about his on top of rhetoric. Aristotle became well known for his philosophies he began to tutor Phillip of Macedon son Alexander. After the death of Phillip’s, the school of platonicRead MoreThe Pursuit Of Happiness By Aristotle1156 Words   |  5 Pages The pursuit of happiness is the reason for our existence (Aristotle, 2004) The Greek word that usually gets translated as happiness is eudaimonia, and like most translations from ancient languages, there is a loss of deeper meaning in translation. According to Aristotle happiness (eudaimonia) is the central purpose of human life and a goal in itself (Aristotle, 2004) (Creed, Wardman 1963). Because of this ideology, Aristotle devoted much of his time discussing and explaining this philosophy (HughesRead MoreAncient Greek Philosophers Who Have Helped Shape The World1350 Words   |  6 Pagestwenty centuries ago, Greek philosopher Aristotle laid out the foundations of Western culture. The principles of Greek philosophy implemented its way into encompassing a persons point of view or their knowledge on society. Aristotle has helped improve and transmuted the world by his views on ethics and virtues he has instructed and justified thoroughly and the endowment of philosophy and science, w hereas he created a comprehensive system of subjects. Aristotle has laid out virtues, which is the importantRead MoreHappiness and Moral Value956 Words   |  4 PagesHappiness and Moral Virtue In Aristotles Nicomachaen Ethics, the principle concern is the nature of human well-being. 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Thomas AquinasRead MoreThe Human Function as It Pertains to Happiness Essay1166 Words   |  5 PagesThe Human Function as it Pertains to Happiness Humans have a function, according to Aristotle, and so it would follow that fulfilling that function makes us happy. Before we can establish that fulfilment of purpose results in happiness, we must first establish what the human function actually is, and also what constitutes good and happiness for humans. Aristotle’s arguments for happiness and human purpose help to provide answers to these questions, though as with all philosophical topics there areRead MoreAristotle And Aristotle s Theory Of Moral Virtue1229 Words   |  5 PagesNietzsche and Aristotle were two of the most significant philosopher of not only their time but their works has lasted throughout the centuries to influence even some today’s greatest minds. Their works however could not be any separated, Aristotle is a prominent figure in ancient Greek philosophy, making contributions to logic, metaphysics, mathematics, physics, biology, botany, ethics, politics, agriculture, medicine, dance and theatre. He was a student of great thinkers such as Plato and Socrates

Introspection in How to Tell a True War Story, and Into...

In the text, â€Å"How to Tell a True War Story† Tim O’Brien expresses his thoughts about the true war story and how the war story is changed according to the person who tells it. Jon Krakauer illustrates Chris McCandless’s journey into the Alaskan wilderness and reasons for McCandless’s gruesome death in an isolated place, in his book â€Å"Into the Wild.† O’Brien relates introspection and a soldier’s war story by saying that the war story portrays the feelings of a soldier. A soldier’s war story is not the exact war story; it is the illustration of that particular soldier’s perception. Narrating a war story is not like inundating others with facts and numbers however, it is about the introspection of a soldier, because that soldier determines†¦show more content†¦As an author, O’Brien explains feelings of one of his readers in this way â€Å"She’ll explain that as a rule she hates war stories; she can’t understand why people want to wallow in all the blood and gore† (449). This reader views a war story as inhumane, and it conveys the cruelty of blood and death. This is an easy conclusion, but it is also trivial. Most obvious part of a war story is numbers and facts regarding the casualties, and it will absorb the whole attention of a person. It will create a thought that war stories are always savage. If that person never attempts to see the inconspicuous part of the war story, it never comes to brink. Then the false conclusion of the war story persists forever. This false conclusion is created due to the ambiguity that existed in perceiving an experience. The reason for this ambiguity is superficial thoughts about that experience. To discover more about McCandless, Krakauer not only travels to wilderness and questions himself but also gathers information about McCandless from people who knew him. Krakauer shares the view of an Alaskan correspondent, which s ays â€Å"The scope of his self-styled adventure was so small as to ring pathetic †¦ Only one word for the guy: incompetent† (358). This correspondent describes McCandless journey as ‘pathetic’ and McCandless as ‘incompetent’ person. Words of this correspondent criticize the act of McCandless without any substantial information. This shows thatShow MoreRelatedModernist Drama Essay2500 Words   |  10 Pagescreate dramatic masterpieces that thrill, dazzle and overwhelm the audience by appealing to their emotions. However, the dawn of twentieth century gave rise to new theatrical forms that take the audience into a world of unfamiliarity and deep introspection. While modern plays differ vastly in form, scope and origin, they all deviate from Aristotle’s code by rejecting the fundamental belief that a drama must arouse specific emotions in its spectators. Specifically, the plays of Anton Chekhov, BertoltRead MoreWho Goes with Fergus11452 W ords   |  46 Pagesgong-tormented sea,† then being made into permanent artifacts by â€Å"the golden smithies of the Emperor.† It is impossible to say whether this is all or part of Yeats’s intention, and it is difficult to see how the prevalent symbols of the afterlife connect thematically to the topic of images (how could images be dead?). For all its difficulty and almost unfixed quality of meaning—the poem is difficult to place even within the context of A Vision—the intriguing imagery and sensual language of the poemRead MoreTexts Fof Written Discourse7878 Words   |  32 Pagesbullet-proof vest. 8. Miss Pope remained a quiet source of support through the awful transition from a sunny childhood to a dark adolescence. 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Communicating the value to them along with pricing which is affordable and profitable and also distributing the products so that customers have appropriate accessibility and have quick and easy delivery

The Yellow Wallpaper And We Wear The Mask - 2050 Words

Both Paul Laurence Dunbar and Charlotte Perkins Gilman grew up during the Romantic Period, a time period in which helped derive their voices based on their own individual life experiences, leading to their distinctive works of literature. Both Dunbar and Gilman depict the struggles of repressed social groups due to societal inequities in the early nineteenth century through their works of literature. Around the time when both writers were published, during the Realistic Period (1860-1900), American life began to change. The tone of gloom and hope yet decline and progress were reflective of the â€Å"Gilded Age,† the age of â€Å"extremes† (technological revolution). The Yellow Wallpaper and â€Å"We Wear the Mask† both encompass various similarities and differences found through literacy elements such as form, tone, perspective and History’s elemental role in the overlying theme of the freedom of self-expression. â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† is a short work of fiction based on the authors own experience with an unequal marriage and hardships of unfulfilled desired of self-expression. In â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper,† we see various literacy elements used such as perspective, form, tone and history used to create a fictional piece about women’s roles in society and the passion the author has for this aspect of society. It is important to know the background of â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† to better understand, Gilman and where the perspective of this piece of fiction is coming from. 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We had a nice house in Esplugues de Llobregat and I feltRead MoreProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 Pagesencircled me with love and encouragement—my parents (Samuel and Charlotte), my wife (Mary), my sons and their wives (Kevin and Dawn, Robert and Sally) and their children (Ryan, Carly, Connor and Lauren). C.F.G. â€Å"We must not cease from exploration and the end of all exploring will be to arrive where we begin and to know the place for the first time.† T. S. Eliot To Ann whose love and support has brought out the best in me. And, to our girls Mary, Rachel, and Tor-Tor for the joy and pride they give me

What I Would Do If I Won a Million Dollars free essay sample

For example, from the lottery maybe? Yes, the chances of winning are just as likely as being abducted by aliens but if I did, I this were to happen, what would I do with the cash? Winning the lottery is a favorite daydream for a lot of us. If I had a million dollars, Im guessing I would definitely want more. I would probably try to discover a way to double the million, probably put it up in a bank somewhere for a few years and let it collect some interest. If not all at least some, maybe half, would go to the bank. It seems that no matter how much money people tend to have, its never quite enough. Lots of hands would begin to appear in though this for sure. You turn into a millionaire and all of a sudden dues are owed and old friends you haven’t talk to in years will pop up wanting to be best of friends. We will write a custom essay sample on What I Would Do If I Won a Million Dollars or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It’s funny how people react when one gets ahold of a little cash. I gotta admit though, having a million dollars would be a lot of fun. With my bad money managing skills it probably last a few days. Id most likely give at least a a few thousands of it to my grandparent’s church and some to a kids charity. And I’d probably give a little to help the folks I knew in need. But of course this would all happen after I have made sure my family is all set. In my family there aren’t just 3 or 4 of us, there’s MANY. Id get a few houses in the tropical islands, a couple of new computers, laptops, with walk-in closets in each room. A year long vacation with my whole family somewhere exotic would be nice, too. After my family is all taken care of id divide the remaining money into separate accounts, one for each of my younger siblings. This money would go the each of them to use on college or whatever they decide when their 18 (better be college! ) and I’m sure a few thousand or so on educational benefits for me. If I were older, though, I would certainly need to spend it on my family, on cars and groceries, and all the required expenses of an adult. It hurts my head to think about all the numerous possibilities and, the problems, of having a million dollars. I think having a million dollars and spending it moderately wouldn’t be as easy as it seems, and would disappear in a blink of an eye. Yet then again, only God knows. I would think about the money and what worth it had for me. After all, Id be the one to own the million dollars, and what I do with it would be my choice and no one elses. If you ask me, Id like to keep things simple and not think too much about the possibilities. Id like to think that Id simply be a million dollars richer! Now, I say you lone me a million, and well see how I do.

John Steinbeck Biography free essay sample

Katlin Wilson A. P. Literature Essay A. John Steinbeck was born in 1902 in Salinas, California. The region of Salinas later became the setting of many of his stories, including Of Mice and Men. When he was a teenager he spent many summers workings as a ranch-hand on neighboring ranches. He went to Stanford University in 1919 and left without earning his degree. He later finished his first novel, Cup of Gold which was an adventurous story that was published in 1926. Success came to Steinbeck when he wrote his novel Tortilla Flat which was published in 1935. Most of Steinbeck’s work deals with the journey of the desperately poor California wanders. He wrote three more novels that dealt with the California wanders, Dubious Battle in 1936, Of Mice and Men in 1937, and The Grapes of Wrath in 1940. The Grapes of Wrath became one of his more famous novels and won the 1940 Pulitzer Prize. Opinions about Steinbeck’s work have always been mixed. We will write a custom essay sample on John Steinbeck Biography or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It was thought by many that Of Mice and Men was his greatest work, but many critics begged to differ. He continued writing in the 1940s and 1950s. He later won the Noble Prize for literature in 1962. He died in 1968 in New York City. In his novel Of Mice and Men he wrote about ranch-hands and migrant famer in California during the Great Depression. Also in the novel he writes about the grueling challenges that go with being a migrant farmer. A migrant farmer is someone who migrates within a country in order to pursue work suck as seasonal work. Many farmers dreamed of finding a better life in California, just like Lennie and George did in the novel. After World War I a recession led to the drop in the market price of farm crops. The stock market crash of 1929 made things for farmers even worse. Farmers were forced to make more crops to earn the same amount of money. In the early 20th century new machinery was invented which led to new mass-production farming methods. The increased farming in the Great Plains caused all the soil to erode. The erosion along with a seven year drought led to the Great Plains becoming a desert region, which was also known as the Dust Bowl. Many families packed up their things and headed to California. Migrant workers were known as Okies. Large farms were built in California, because of the pleasant climate where they could grows many different crops.